Whether interruption of STH transmission can be achieved apart from significant economic growth remains unanswered, but likely the implementation of intensive, integrated control programs will be necessary to achieve that goal. Different species of hookworm cause different types of infections. Integrated STH control programs, which combine mass deworming with WASH interventions, are relatively unstudied but may be a promising advancement. Anthelmintic drugs attack intestinal parasites like hookworms.
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Progress towards a human hookworm vaccine continues, with promising results from recent Phase 1 trials and several others ongoing. While footwear campaigns may be associated with reduced odds of hookworm infection, the evidence supporting the impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions upon hookworm is mixed. Research questioning this strategy has grown in recent years, and current studies are evaluating the effectiveness of novel deworming strategies, including multidrug regimens and expansion of deworming to entire communities. Since 2001, control of the STHs has been attempted via single-dose mass deworming of at-risk school-aged and preschool-aged children within STH-endemic countries, with the goal of morbidity reduction. Historically, successful STH elimination has only been achieved in regions with concomitant significant economic growth.
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The resultant chronic iron deficiency anemia can lead to stunted growth and cognitive deficits in children, reduced work capacity in adults, and a variety of pregnancy complications. Transmitted primarily by larval invasion of exposed skin, the adults inhabit the host small intestine, where they consume host blood. Common gastrointestinal symptoms of hookworm disease Abdominal pain or cramping (often worse after eating) Bloody stool (the blood may be red, black, or tarry. This is most likely to occur when walking barefoot on the beach or other areas where pets deposit feces. Human hookworm, a soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection caused by either Necator americanus or Anclystoma duodenale, is a major cause of morbidity globally and predominantly affects the world's poorest populations. Two species of hookworm, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Some hookworms of cats can infect humans by penetrating the skin.